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<p>&#8220;Well, I am not a spiritual person Gideon! Why are you telling me to fast? &#8220;. I know most of you are asking the same question. Why are we talking about fasting outside the spiritual context? Is it not something that Christians or Muslims do?</p>



<p>Bear with me as I have been fasting for more than one year and I have seen the benefits. No. I don&#8217;t mean that I have not eaten for a year! Let me explain.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What is intermittent fasting(IF)?</h3>



<p>This is a popular trend in the health and fitness industry and a good chunk of people are doing it. Intermittent fasting is a complete or almost complete stop in the consumption of food for a stipulated period of time. This simply means that you are switching between periods of eating and not eating.</p>



<p>A neuroscientist by the name of <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://neuroscience.jhu.edu/research/faculty/57" target="_blank">Mark Mattson</a> has studied IF for 25 years and through this research has documented the tremendous benefits that fasting brings.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Where did it come from?</h3>



<p>In pre-historic times, our forefathers used to hunt for food. Yes, they were hunters and gatherers. If you did not get up and go hunting then you would die of starvation. Talk about those &#8220;who do not work should not eat!&#8221; If we could go back in time a few thousand years ago then most of us would not last a day.</p>


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<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img data-attachment-id="304" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/25/intermittent-fastingif/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg" data-orig-size="7763,5178" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg?w=1024" loading="lazy" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-304" width="521" height="347" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg?w=521 521w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg?w=1040 1040w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-quang-nguyen-vinh-2131904.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 521px) 100vw, 521px" /></figure></div>


<p>During those times, people would go even days without food due to the time it took to hunt and gather enough food to eat. The effect of this meant that people were leaner due to the fact that they were more active and would survive quite well eating small portions. So in essence, our forefathers were practicing IF without them even knowing it since it was just a way of life. These days due to the technology overload, more people are more sedentary than ever. This lifestyle has proven to be a fatality to the health of those individuals as they are at a greater risk of obesity, diabetes, and other lifestyle diseases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How should it be done?</h3>



<p>There are many approaches to IF. Some people have even become mad scientists who experiment with different approaches and customize a routine that works for them. These are the most popular approaches:</p>



<ul class="has-medium-font-size"><li><strong>The 16/8 method:</strong> This method requires one to fast for 16 hours and then have an 8-hour eating window. For the 16 hours that you will be fasting, you are allowed to drink water and no-calorie beverages like black coffee or black tea. This method is what works for me as I find it less restrictive and skipping breakfast is not a big deal for me. The latest that I take my supper is at 9pm and my eating window will be from 1pm to 9pm the next day. I only skip breakfast. </li><li><strong>One-Meal-a-Day method</strong>: This method requires one to fast for 24 hours. An example is eating only dinner. Like when you eat dinner today at 8 pm then you will eat again tomorrow at 8 pm. A major setback to this is extreme weight loss for some people and very few people have the consistency to eat one meal a day every other day.</li><li><strong>5:2 Method</strong>: This method allows you to eat your normal meals five days a week. Then for the remaining 2 days, you do a complete fast or limit your calorie intake to 500 calories.</li></ul>


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<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img data-attachment-id="307" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/25/intermittent-fastingif/pexels-bich-tran-636235/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-bich-tran-636235.jpg" data-orig-size="4096,2725" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-bich-tran-636235" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-bich-tran-636235.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-bich-tran-636235.jpg?w=1024" loading="lazy" width="1024" height="681" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-bich-tran-636235.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-307" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-bich-tran-636235.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-bich-tran-636235.jpg?w=2048 2048w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-bich-tran-636235.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-bich-tran-636235.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-bich-tran-636235.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Why do Intermittent Fasting(IF)?</h3>



<p>Many studies have been done on both humans and animals and the benefits of intermittent fasting have been well documented. I guess we can trust the guy who has been doing 25 years of research on this topic. Right?</p>



<p>Research has revealed fasting benefits to be:</p>



<ul><li><strong>Brain health:</strong> Intermittent fasting has been shown to drastically improve thinking and memory through the production of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor(BDNF) which promotes neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. (<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16011467/" target="_blank">one</a>). </li><li><strong>Weight loss:</strong> Fasting, if done correctly automatically puts you in a calorie deficit. This means that your body is using fewer calories than it needs. This promotes weight loss by burning up the fat stores in the body. (<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32060194/">two</a>).</li><li><strong>Insulin resistance</strong>: When we eat, Insulin production is triggered. so the more we eat the more insulin is made. But with too much insulin the cells start to be resistant which forces the body to produce more Insulin. Fasting allows insulin  blood levels to drop significantly. ( <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S193152441400200X">three</a> ).</li><li><strong>Heart health: </strong>IF is shown to improve the resting heart rate and blood pressure. This  makes sure that heart related complications are greatly reduced. (<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733872/">four</a>).</li></ul>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img data-attachment-id="310" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/25/intermittent-fastingif/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg" data-orig-size="4096,2731" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg?w=1024" loading="lazy" width="663" height="442" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg?w=663" alt="" class="wp-image-310" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg?w=663 663w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg?w=1326 1326w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg?w=768 768w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-hassan-ouajbir-1535244.jpg?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What to take while doing IF?</h3>



<p>As I had said earlier, no-calorie drinks such as water, black tea, and black coffee will keep you on a fast. These are good drinks to take when fasting. During the eating window, you should focus on eating healthy and nutritious food because the ultimate goal is to be healthy. Packing up on junk food and super-sized fried food will do more harm than good. Fasting for 16 hours and then eating junk food throughout your 8-hour window will negatively affect your health. Here is a free<a href="https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/16-8-intermittent-fasting#benefits"> meal plan</a> to get you started.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Is it safe?</h3>



<p>I always write about what works for me. I have seen tremendous benefits from my last year of practicing IF. However, it is always advisable to check in with your primary health practitioner to make sure that it is safe for you. Some of the people who should avoid IF are:</p>



<ul><li>Breastfeeding mothers and pregnant women.</li></ul>



<ul><li>Anyone under the age of 18 years.</li></ul>



<ul><li>People with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes or blood sugar problems.</li></ul>



<ul><li>People with a history of eating disorders.</li></ul>



<p>Make sure to check out my previous blogs. Adios!</p>


EXERCISE

HEALTH

brain

fasting

intermittent

weight training

world cup

INTERMITTENT FASTING(IF)

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<p>Have you ever found yourself lying lazily on your phone or laptop aimlessly browsing with no real objective on what you want to search for?</p>



<p>Have you in more than one instance found yourself switching between TIK TOK, INSTAGRAM, and FACEBOOK watching videos of teenagers dancing to the latest millennial dance moves while making stupid faces?</p>



<p>Do you find yourself wasting a whole lot of time on digital devices instead of doing the more important things you set out to do? Can you pick up a book and read it for one hour without the urge to look at your phone?</p>



<p>What might help you my friend is a <strong><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);" class="has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color">dopamine detox</mark>.</strong></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is a dopamine detox?</h2>



<p>A psychiatrist by the name of Cameron Sepah came up with this concept based on his research centered around <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296579" target="_blank">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> which was aimed at getting rid of unhealthy stimuli propelled by technological overload. His main idea was that negative recurring behaviors would be curbed by using loneliness and boredom instead of seeking immediate relief from these behaviors.</p>



<p>James Clear in his book <a href="https://jamesclear.com/atomic-habits" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atomic Habits</a> came up with this concept of the habit loop. The habit loop consists of a cue, craving, response, and reward.</p>


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<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="273" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/18/dopamine-detox/the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971x1200-1/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971x1200-1.png" data-orig-size="971,1200" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971&#215;1200-1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971x1200-1.png?w=243" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971x1200-1.png?w=829" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971x1200-1.png?w=829" alt="" class="wp-image-273" width="305" height="376" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971x1200-1.png?w=305 305w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971x1200-1.png?w=608 608w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971x1200-1.png?w=121 121w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/the-habit-loop-01-e1537283945960-971x1200-1.png?w=243 243w" sizes="(max-width: 305px) 100vw, 305px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The habit loop by James Clear</figcaption></figure></div>


<p>When we seek a reward for example entertainment. We have cues that lead to a craving that ultimately leads to a response. If I want to be entertained I might see a cue in the form of a PlayStation station console. My craving for the reward will be satisfied by playing a video game which is the response that ultimately leads to the reward of being entertained.</p>



<p>But if playing video games becomes an addictive behavior that derails productivity and progress then I stop playing the video games and allow my mind to get into this state of boredom where I become so bored that actually sitting down and being productive becomes easy and rewarding. Think of an activity that you compulsively indulge in that hinders actual work, productivity, progress, or your relationships. Let me give you a hint:</p>



<ul><li> Social media.</li><li> Video games.</li><li> Gambling and shopping.</li><li>Content aggregators. (YouTube, Netflix&#8230;).</li><li>Thrill and novelty seeking.</li><li>Recreational drugs and alcoholism.</li><li>Porn and masturbation.</li></ul>



<p>The habit loop is very powerful when it comes to breaking addictive behaviors and as well as reinforcing positive ones.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Dopamine</h2>



<p>Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is made in your brain and is a chemical messenger that sends messages between your brain and the rest of the body.</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22581-dopamine#:~:text=Dopamine%20is%20a%20type%20of,also%20acts%20as%20a%20hormone." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cleveland Clinic</a> Dopamine is involved in Movement, Memory, Pleasurable reward, motivation, Behavior, cognition, Attention, Sleep and arousal, Mood, and Learning. Dopamine is regarded as the feel-good chemical that gives you the motivation to indulge in activities that bring pleasure. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Dopamine Detox Strategy</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">1. Cut out Mindless activities</h3>



<p>Mindless activities are activities that you indulge in without deliberate thought. This includes scrolling, watching, and playing for hours non-stop with the inability to do anything worthwhile. You spend hours on end stuck in these activities even when these activities no longer give you pleasure. Remember the countless hours of social media, YouTube, Netflix, binge drinking, or porn use that you indulged to a point where you felt stressed, drained, and unhappy. Cut out these mindless activities and focus on more mindful activities that contribute to your positive well-being and purpose. I know we all have excuses for our behaviors and think that I am a &#8216;moderate user&#8217;. If you were a moderate user then we wouldn&#8217;t be here talking about cutting out that compulsive behavior in your locker.</p>


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<p>A good strategy is to make accessibility to your compulsive behaviors difficult. If social media is your problem then uninstall the apps. If you binge-watch Netflix and it&#8217;s becoming problematic, set out days when you can watch a movie for 2 hours. If you play video games too much then play only on the weekends with a time limit or better yet go cold turkey and sell your console. For porn, I think it requires me to write a whole article to sensitize people on how pornography use has destroyed countless lives. Check out <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.yourbrainonporn.com/" target="_blank">Your Brain on Porn</a> and <a href="https://fightthenewdrug.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fight the New Drug</a> websites for more information on this sensitive topic.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">2. Indulge in Real Life Activities</h3>



<p>Well, now that I no longer spend 5-hours on Social media and binging on Netflix. What in the world am I going to be with all this time?</p>



<p>Well in essence, when you cut out those compulsive addictive activities, then the void left must be filled with something. For most people, sitting down and doing nothing leads to them having spiked stress levels and some form of depression. This leads them to relapse back into their old habits in no time.</p>



<p>For starters, you now have time to actually live a more meaningful life away from technological overload and stimuli. You can indulge in  more meaningful activities such as:</p>



<ul><li>Exercise and weight training.</li><li>Cooking.</li><li>Meditation and yoga.</li><li>Journaling and reading books.</li><li>Traveling and exploring nature.</li></ul>



<p>Think of something that you have always wanted to do? something meaningful and positive. You have always wanted to do this thing but you never had time. Now you have time. Go out there and do it.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="678" data-attachment-id="280" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/18/dopamine-detox/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128.jpg" data-orig-size="4928,3264" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-280" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128.jpg?w=2048 2048w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-saikat-ghosh-914128.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


<h3 class="wp-block-heading">3. Find a Purpose</h3>



<p>What lights you up? Is it a skill, talent, or experience? James Clear in his book  <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://jamesclear.com/atomic-habits" target="_blank">Atomic Habits</a> tells us to have a system that ultimately leads to a certain goal. To focus on systems, not goals. When a coach wants his team to win win a game, does he focus on the scoreboard? Does he for the entire match fixate his eyes on the scoreboard like a mad man? no! He gives out tactics, assesses the game, and makes the necessary changes needed to win the game. This is the necessary system to win the game. The goal is to win but we must focus on the system. The system that leads to that ultimate goal.</p>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>&#8221; FOCUS ON SYSTEMS NOT GOALS&#8221;</p><cite>James Clear, &#8220;Atomic habits&#8221;</cite></blockquote>



<p>Now that you have gotten rid of the time-wasting compulsive activities find some form of a purpose. Enroll in a class, do some online courses in your area of interest, start going to the gym, and go out and help people in need. Any positive activity that brings you fulfillment. start doing it. Remember to start small and be consistent. Have a good system that will fulfill that purpose.</p>



<p>Better yet, you now have time to finish that project, that course, to do better at your job, work on your fitness goals and build more meaningful relationships.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="284" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/18/dopamine-detox/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg" data-orig-size="4288,2848" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-leon-ardho-1552242" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-284" width="537" height="356" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg?w=537 537w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg?w=1072 1072w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-leon-ardho-1552242.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px" /></figure></div>


<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Take-Away</h3>



<p>Dopamine detox is nothing new and just reinforces the importance of taking a break from these dopamine-inducing activities that negatively affect our lives. Doing a dopamine detox for the first time may seem daunting and difficult when you start but it does help us have a healthy relationship with the digital world.</p>



<p>After a few days of the detox, you will start to feel less stress, less anxiety, and more happiness. There will also be a gradual increase in your attention span and an overall sense of positive well-being. You will also find activities that you previously thought were boring to be more doable and fun.</p>



<p>This is what has worked for me and I do hope that it works for you too. Become a mad scientist and try it on yourself. See how you feel and send me an email if it has worked for you.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><s>Disclaimer</s></h4>



<p><em>This is my personal opinion and should not be used in place of clinical or medical advice in the treatment of addiction.</em></p>


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ADDICTION

DOPAMINE

HABITS

INTERNET

PRODUCTIVITY

THERAPY

social media

DOPAMINE DETOX

pexels-naveen-ar-1865801

pexels-sarah-trummer-955787

<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="263" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/08/useeffect-hook-in-react/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg" data-orig-size="4640,3480" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-naveen-ar-1865801" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-263" width="627" height="470" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg?w=627 627w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg?w=1254 1254w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-naveen-ar-1865801.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px" /></figure></div>


<p>The useEffect() hook is part of functional programming and the word &#8216;effect&#8217; is used to describe the &#8220;side effect&#8221; of a REACT app. </p>



<p>Common side effects include:</p>



<ul><li><strong>API requests.</strong></li><li><strong>Using unpredictable timing functions. e.g setTimeOut or setInterval.</strong></li><li><strong>Directly updating the DOM. e.g using Document/ Window.</strong></li></ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Structure</h3>



<p>The useEffect() hook accepts two arguments. The <strong><em><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color">dependency</mark></em></strong> normally refers to the re-render array. This array includes <mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><strong>all the dependencies that the side effect relies on</strong>.</span></mark></p>



<p><strong><em>useEffect(&lt;function&gt;, &lt;dependency&gt;</em></strong></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Use Case 1 (Run on first render)</strong></h3>



<p>Suppose that we want to fetch data from an API. This usually happens when the app is initially loaded. So to make sure that the API is called only on the first render we write:</p>



<p class="has-medium-font-size"><strong>useEffect(() =&gt; {<br>//Runs only on the first render<br>}, []);</strong></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Example</h4>



<pre class="wp-block-code" style="font-size:17px;"><code><strong>  const &#091;todos, setTodos] = useState(&#091;]);
  useEffect(() =&gt; {fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1')
  .then(response =&gt; response.json())
  .then(json =&gt;  setTodos(json))

  },&#091;])</strong></code></pre>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Use case 2: Re-render On Dependency Value Change</strong></h3>



<p>We have seen from the example above that when we want the effect to run on the first render we include an empty array. But in some instances, we may want the effect to re-render based on certain dynamic values. This is when we include dynamic values inside the dependency array.</p>



<p class="has-medium-font-size"><strong><em>useEffect(() =&gt; {<br>//Runs on the first render<br>//And any time any dependency value changes<br>}, [Dynamic state]);</em></strong></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Example</h3>



<pre class="wp-block-code" style="font-size:17px;"><code><strong>export default function App() {
  const &#091;number, setNumber] = useState(0);
  const &#091;render, setRender] = useState(0)
  useEffect(()=&gt;{
    setRender(number +1)
  },&#091;number])
  
  const addTwo = () =&gt; {
    setNumber(number+1);
  };
  
  return (
    &lt;div className="App"&gt;
      &lt;button onClick={addTwo}&gt;+&lt;/button&gt;
      &lt;h3&gt;{number}&lt;/h3&gt;
      &lt;h4&gt;number of renders {render} &lt;/h4&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
  );
}</strong>
</code></pre>



<p>The example above shows how re-rendering is done using the dynamic value &#8216;number&#8217;. Every time the &#8216;number&#8217; changes the re-render value &#8216;render&#8217; changes since the side effect re-renders based on the &#8216;number&#8217; value.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Effect Clean up</strong></h3>



<p>The side effects are not supposed to run forever. At some point,<strong><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color"> the effect must be shut off in order to reduce memory use</mark></strong>. All that is needed is a return function that clears a pre-defined time-out.</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code" style="font-size:17px;"><code><strong>export default function App() {
  const &#091;number, setNumber] = useState(0);
  const &#091;render, setRender] = useState(0)
  useEffect(()=&gt;{
    let timer = setTimeout(setRender(number +1),1000)
    return ()=&gt;{
      return  setTimeout(timer)
    }
    
  },&#091;number])
  
  const addTwo = () =&gt; {
    setNumber(number+1);
  };
  return (
    &lt;div className="App"&gt;
      &lt;button onClick={addTwo}&gt;+&lt;/button&gt;
      &lt;h3&gt;{number}&lt;/h3&gt;
      &lt;h4&gt;number of renders {render} &lt;/h4&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
  );
}</strong>
</code></pre>



<p>The cleanup function will be called when the component is unmounted. The cleanup function is not required in every instance and it is only used when there is a need to stop a repeated side effect when the component unmounts.</p>



<p>Make sure to follow my blog for more REACT tutorials.</p>



<p>Happy coding!</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="267" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/08/useeffect-hook-in-react/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg" data-orig-size="5260,3441" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-sarah-trummer-955787" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-267" width="694" height="453" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg?w=692 692w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg?w=1385 1385w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-sarah-trummer-955787.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px" /></figure></div>

CODING

JAVASCRIPT

PROGRAMMING

PYTHON

REACT

TECHNOLOGY

WEB DEVELOPMENT

computer

science

useEffect() Hook in REACT

pexels-pixabay-459653

pexels-spencer-selover-428427

<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="249" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/04/usereducer-hook-in-react/pexels-spencer-selover-428427/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg" data-orig-size="6016,4016" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-spencer-selover-428427" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-249" width="677" height="451" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg?w=677 677w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg?w=1351 1351w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-spencer-selover-428427.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px" /></figure></div>


<h3 class="wp-block-heading">State Management</h3>



<p>In REACT state management is a vital part of the general architecture of a REACT app. The first and most powerful state management hook is the useState() hook. This is a very powerful hook and is ideal for tracking a state that does not have complex logic. However, when there is an application with a state that has more complex logic then the useReducer() hook is ideal for this kind of scenario.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Syntax</h3>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>const &#091;state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialState)</code></pre>



<p class="color: green">The<strong> <em><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ea03e6;" class="has-inline-color">reducer</mark></em></strong> is the user-defined reducer function while the <em><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ea03e6;" class="has-inline-color"><strong>initialState</strong></mark></em> is the pre-defined initial state of the application.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Use Case</h3>



<p>Let&#8217;s start with a simple example of a log-in form that has the email and password. We are supposed to track the state using a reducer function. How can we go about this?</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Step 1: Define the initial state and the reducer function</h4>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Initial state</h5>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>const &#091;state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, {email: "",passWord: ""});
</code></pre>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading">&nbsp;Reducer Function</h5>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const reducer = (state, action) =&gt; {

    switch (action.type) {
      case 'handleMail':
        return {
          ...state,
          email: action.payload,

        };
      case 'handlePassword':
        return {
          ...state,
          passWord: action.payload,

        };
    }
  };
</pre></div>


<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Explanation</h5>



<p>The reducer function is simply a switch statement that returns something if the test case is true. Here the test case is the type of a predefined action which is <mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#f12e06;" class="has-inline-color"><em><strong>&#8216;handleMail&#8217;</strong></em></mark> and <mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#f12e06;" class="has-inline-color"><strong><em>&#8216;handlePassword&#8217;</em></strong></mark>. The <strong><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#f12e06;" class="has-inline-color">&#8230;state </mark></strong>tracks the previous state and the email and password update the state with a payload (<mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#f12e06;" class="has-inline-color"><em><strong>action.payload</strong></em></mark>). The payload is the new state that the user inputs. This ensures that state updates are always tracked.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Step 2: Define the  form functions</h4>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; title: ; notranslate" title="">
 const emailHandler = (e) =&gt; {
    dispatch({ type: 'handleMail', payload: e.target.value });
  };
  const passWordHandler = (e) =&gt; {
    dispatch({ type: 'handlePassword', payload: e.target.value });
  };
</pre></div>


<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Explanation</h5>



<p>The form functions that handle the email and the password have a dispatch that has an object with the action type and a payload. The type is used to access the action which is used inside the reducer function accessed as &#8216;<mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#3406f3;" class="has-inline-color"><strong><em>action.type</em></strong></mark>&#8216;. The payload stores the form input which is later accessed in the reducer function as &#8216;<strong><em><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#0600f5;" class="has-inline-color">action.</mark></em></strong><em><strong><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#0600f5;" class="has-inline-color">payload</mark><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#1072f2;" class="has-inline-color">&#8216;</mark></strong></em>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Step 3:Create the form</h4>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; title: ; notranslate" title="">
&lt;form&gt;
  &lt;label &gt;Email:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type=&quot;email&quot; id=&quot;fname&quot;  value={state.email} onChange={emailHandler} &gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;label &gt;Password:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type=&quot;password&quot;  value={state.passWord} onChange={passWordHandler}&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; value=&quot;Submit&quot;&gt;
&lt;/form&gt; 
</pre></div>


<h5 class="wp-block-heading">Explanation</h5>



<p>The form is a simple HTML form. The &#8216;value&#8217; is the initial state defined in step 1 above. The state changes are tracked through the &#8216;onChange&#8217; event listener.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h3>



<p>The useReducer()  hook is a simple and convenient way to update state and share data between our components in an organized way.</p>



<p>Updating the state only requires calling the dispatch(action) with the required action. The reducer() will update the forwarded state. Once the reducer updates the state it will re-render the component with the new state value.</p>



<p>A word of advice is that you should use the useState() hook for simple state management.</p>



<p>Happy coding 🙂</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="244" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/2022/07/04/usereducer-hook-in-react/pexels-pixabay-459653/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-pixabay-459653.jpg" data-orig-size="5168,3445" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-pixabay-459653" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-pixabay-459653.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-pixabay-459653.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-pixabay-459653.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-244" width="527" height="350" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-pixabay-459653.jpg?w=525 525w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-pixabay-459653.jpg?w=1050 1050w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-pixabay-459653.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-pixabay-459653.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2022/07/pexels-pixabay-459653.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px" /></figure></div>

DEVELOPER

HTML

webdesign

useReducer() Hook in REACT


<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="223" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/pexels-lisa-fotios-1161542/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-lisa-fotios-1161542.jpg" data-orig-size="6000,4000" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-lisa-fotios-1161542" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-lisa-fotios-1161542.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-lisa-fotios-1161542.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-lisa-fotios-1161542.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-223" width="597" height="495" /></figure></div>



<p>Tik Tok, many of us have heard of this app. Well, the company behind the app called ByteDance is doing pretty well due to the fact that as of October 2020, it has 2 billion downloads. With its simplistic, user-friendly features, Tik Tok has garnered a huge audience and also taking the lead on being the fastest app to reach 1 billion downloads from the moment it was launched. All a user does is sign up and start watching under 60-second videos from all over the world and continue to discover fun and interesting content. Users who post their videos and challenges and garner a huge following become<span style="color:#00aadc;" class="has-inline-color"> ‘Tik Tok Celebrities’.</span></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What’s the fuss?</h2>



<p>Well, people are just having fun and being silly, that’s not a big deal, right? Yes, it is fun but Tik Tok has sparked a lot of controversies both social and political. In order to understand these controversies we first need to know how Tik Tok collects data to know what the user likes and is interested in. Unlike other social media apps like Instagram and Twitter, Tik Tok does not ask the user about their interests or to follow other users in order to come up with filtered and modified content. In the beginning, social media giants used something called the <strong>social graph</strong> to provide this modified content for the user. The <strong>social graph</strong> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)">graph</a> that represents social relations between entities. In short, it is a model or representation of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network">social network</a>, where the word <strong>graph</strong> has been taken from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory">graph theory</a>. The social graph has been referred to as &#8220;the global mapping of everybody and how they&#8217;re related&#8221; (Wikipedia). The social graph is what allowed these social media giants to offer a quality user experience in their apps. When you are a cat-lover and go to FaceBook to search for cats, then after a while you go back to your feed, you see cats almost all the time. This is that global mapping where you as a user is mapped to cats then they modify your user-experience to include cats.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="214" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/google-social-1-1/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/google-social-1-1.jpg" data-orig-size="550,308" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="google-social-1-1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/google-social-1-1.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/google-social-1-1.jpg?w=550" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/google-social-1-1.jpg?w=550" alt="" class="wp-image-214" width="685" height="384" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/google-social-1-1.jpg 550w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/google-social-1-1.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/google-social-1-1.jpg?w=300 300w" sizes="(max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px" /><figcaption>searchmetrics</figcaption></figure>



<p>What Tik Tok does is improve this social graph approach and implement an <strong>interest graph.</strong> An interest graph is an online representation of the specific things in which an individual is interested. Interest graphs have perceived utility and value because of the premise that people&#8217;s interests are a major aspect of who they are, forming part of their personal identity, and can be used as indicators of such things as what they might want to do or buy, where they might want to go, or who they might want to meet, follow or vote for (Wikipedia). Tik Tok goes down to details to where your interests are determined by how long you watch a video or which kind of videos you skip. The biggest enabler to this method is that you can watch many videos because they are short and Tik Tok revolves around action based videos that eliminate the language barrier that may exist since users come from all over the world.. So now there is enough training data to come up with an algorithm that modifies your user-experience. This algorithm allows Tik Tok to penetrate regions and markets&nbsp; all around the world without hindrances from language or culture. A ‘Tik Toker’ in Kenya can be entertained by another ‘Tik Toker’ from China without even speaking. This gives the app an upper hand from apps such as Twitter, Face Book or Instagram. On the next article we will look at how <span style="color:#a300a0;" class="has-inline-color">Cyber-nationalism</span> has affected the internet and how Tik Tok has taken a hit. See you next time on part 2.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="216" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg" data-orig-size="6004,4008" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Gabriela Palai&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NIKON D610&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1478667131&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;pc photography&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;46&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.016666666666667&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-gabriela-palai-395196" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-216" width="653" height="435" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg?w=653 653w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg?w=1303 1303w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/10/pexels-gabriela-palai-395196.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px" /></figure></div>


Clock? No, its Tik Tok, pt 1.


<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="192" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/woman/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/woman.jpg" data-orig-size="2730,3822" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="woman" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/woman.jpg?w=214" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/woman.jpg?w=731" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/woman.jpg?w=731" alt="" class="wp-image-192" width="361" height="506" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/woman.jpg?w=361 361w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/woman.jpg?w=722 722w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/woman.jpg?w=107 107w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/woman.jpg?w=214 214w" sizes="(max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px" /></figure></div>



<p>     We have heard of the name Physics many times in our lives, some people also studied it as a subject in school. Well, at that time there was no significant fun in it, it looked like a bunch of formulas all stacked in a book to torment us. Some adored it, some hated it. It was just a matter of preference. A few weeks ago I was bored because the football season had come to an end. As I watched some really old highlights, I came across the <span style="color:#9500a3;" class="has-inline-color">1997 game between Brazil and France</span>. One thing stood out in this match: a Roberto Carlos free-kick that seemed to defy gravity. The left-back took a shot from the free-kick spot, 35 meters from the goal post. The ball seemed to swerve away from the Goal Post but at the very last moment curved back into the goal post.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="193" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/robbo/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg" data-orig-size="1080,1350" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="robbo" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg?w=240" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg?w=819" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg?w=819" alt="" class="wp-image-193" width="468" height="585" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg?w=819 819w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg?w=468 468w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg?w=936 936w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg?w=120 120w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg?w=240 240w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/robbo.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px" /><figcaption>BRF</figcaption></figure></div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">&nbsp;Explain this sorcery</h2>



<p>&nbsp;Physicists who saw the free kick were baffled at how it was executed and four of them decided to carry out a study to explain how it happened. The study was published in <span style="color:#cf030a;" class="has-inline-color">The New Journal of Physics (2010).</span> We first take a look at <span style="color:#3ed104;" class="has-inline-color">Newton’s First Law of Motion</span> which states: that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of<span style="color:#cd3903;" class="has-inline-color"> <strong>inertia</strong></span><strong>.</strong> The key point here is that if there is <strong>no net force</strong> acting on an object (if all the external forces cancel each other out) then the object will maintain a <strong>constant velocity</strong>. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force (NASA).</p>



<p>&nbsp; When Roberto Carlos kicked the ball he gave it <span style="color:#7dcb00;" class="has-inline-color">velocity</span> and <span style="color:#a30080;" class="has-inline-color">direction</span>. This happens whenever you kick or push something, you give it velocity and direction. This means that an item will only stop only if it is acted upon by an external force (force such as friction, gravity or a barrier). An example is when you jump from a moving car and try to stand still. We all know what happens. Roberto Carlos had a free kick ‘wall’ that he had to overcome by curving the ball away from the players. This meant that curving away the ball from the players meant the ball would lose direction and fail to go in the net. So how did Roberto Carlos manage to bring back the ball into the goal when it had already derailed from its path with the two enormous challenges derived from Newton’s First Law of Motion?</p>



<p>&nbsp; Being a left-footed player, it was only probable that he would use that foot to kick the ball. He kicked the ball with a trivela shot (outside of the boot shot) at the bottom right corner of the ball. </p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="197" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/final/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/final.png" data-orig-size="745,548" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="final" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/final.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/final.png?w=745" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/final.png?w=745" alt="" class="wp-image-197" width="481" height="353" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/final.png?w=481 481w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/final.png?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/final.png?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/final.png 745w" sizes="(max-width: 481px) 100vw, 481px" /></figure></div>



<p>     This in effect made the ball acquire tremendous spin which made the ball rotate around its axis. Immediately, the ball seemed to go on a natural direction of a straight line. A spinning ball creates areas of pressure on its sides. In this scenario, the ball was spinning in an anticlockwise direction thus created an area of low pressure on the left side and an area of high pressure on the right side. Since there was more pressure on the right side, the ball took a course of direction towards the left side where there was low pressure. This phenomenon is called the <span style="color:#ae0aae;" class="has-inline-color">Magnus Effect </span>which is the force generated by a spinning object through a medium. This is the reason why the ball seemed to curve away then swerved back into the goal covering a distance of 35 meters in 1.1 seconds surprising the goalkeeper leaving the Brazilian keeper with no time to react.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="198" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/magnus/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/magnus.png" data-orig-size="884,559" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="magnus" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/magnus.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/magnus.png?w=884" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/magnus.png?w=884" alt="" class="wp-image-198" width="509" height="321" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/magnus.png?w=509 509w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/magnus.png?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/magnus.png?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/magnus.png?w=768 768w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/magnus.png 884w" sizes="(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px" /></figure></div>



<p>The difficulty in Roberto Carlos free kick is in the elements that perfectly came together to actually score the goal. This is well described&nbsp; as “ hit it too high it goes over the goal, hit it&nbsp; too low it hits the ground before curving , too wide it never reaches the goal, not wide enough it hits the free kick wall ” (TEDEd).</p>



<p>References</p>



<p>1.&nbsp; image, Bleacher report football Facebook page, accessed 20 August 2020, <a href="http://www.facebook.com/BleacherReportFootball" rel="nofollow">http://www.facebook.com/BleacherReportFootball</a></p>



<p>&nbsp;2.&nbsp; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, accessed 20 August 2020, <a href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/newton.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/newton.html</a></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="201" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/pexels-flickr-149356-1/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/pexels-flickr-149356-1.jpg" data-orig-size="3214,2411" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-flickr-149356-1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/pexels-flickr-149356-1.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/pexels-flickr-149356-1.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/pexels-flickr-149356-1.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-201" width="477" height="357" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/pexels-flickr-149356-1.jpg?w=477 477w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/pexels-flickr-149356-1.jpg?w=952 952w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/pexels-flickr-149356-1.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/pexels-flickr-149356-1.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/09/pexels-flickr-149356-1.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 477px) 100vw, 477px" /></figure>


football

physics

Physics in Football


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<p>Pierre de Fermat was a mathematician who made significant contributions to Mathematics through his work. ‘He made notable contributions to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_geometry">analytic geometry</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability">probability</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics">optics</a> ‘(Wikipedia). One contribution that stands out is his work in number theory <em>connu comme </em><span style="color:#c508c5;" class="has-inline-color"><strong>Fermat&#8217;s</strong> Last Theorem or Fermat’s Conjecture.</span></p>



<p>Some people may find the name Fermat new and strange but you have come across his work in one way or another. For instance, the basis of Fermat’s Last Theorem was based on the <span style="color:#0baa25;" class="has-inline-color">Pythagorean Theorem</span> which was the most notable contribution by Pythagoras, a Greek Mathematician. The theorem seems quite easy and simple to grasp. In simplified words it states that: <span style="color:#c809aa;" class="has-inline-color"><strong><em>for a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides/legs.</em></strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </p>



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<p>The Pythagorean Theorem:</p>



<p><em>a<sup>2</sup></em><em>+</em><em>b<sup>2</sup></em><em>=</em><em>c<sup>2</sup></em></p>



<p>The solutions (positive) to this equation is infinite for a, b and c for Pythagorean triples</p>



<p>(3, 4, 5 …etc.).</p>



<p>Fermat wrote a note on the margin of a Greek text known as <em>Arithmetica by Diophantus. </em>A copy of the note was discovered after his death. The full text of the note written in Latin, reads <span style="color:#a30089;" class="has-inline-color">&#8220;<em>Cubum autem in duos cubos, aut quadrato-quadratum in duos quadrato-quadratos, et generaliter nullam in infinitum ultra quadratum potestatem in duos eiusdem nominis fas est dividere cuius rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi. Hanc marginis exiguitas non caperet</em>&#8220;</span> (Nagell 1951, p.&nbsp;252). This note translates to <em><span style="color:#00a306;" class="has-inline-color">&#8220;It is impossible for a cube to be the sum of two cubes, a fourth power to be the sum of two fourth powers, or in general for any number that is a power greater than the second to be the sum of two like powers. I have discovered a truly marvelous demonstration of this proposition that this margin is too narrow to contain.&#8221;</span></em></p>



<p>Fermat came up with the discovery that the general equation <em>a<sup>n </sup>+ b<sup>n </sup>= c<sup>n </sup></em>had no solutions to integers (positive) if n was an integer greater than 2 (n&gt;2) which is now Fermat’s Last Theorem:</p>



<p><em>a<sup>n </sup>+ b<sup>n</sup> = c<sup>n</sup> </em> when <em>n &gt; 2</em></p>



<p>Although Fermat had stated that he has proof of his theory, he left no detail of it and no proof has been found. The theorem troubled Mathematicians century after century where mathematicians used different methodologies to prove it and find solutions. Although there were many significant breakthroughs, mathematical proof had to go through strict requirements to be approved. It became famous and was considered as one of the unsolved Problems in Mathematics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Now What</strong></h2>



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<p>A major breakthrough in the proof of Fermat’s Last theorem was discovered by a mathematician called Andrew wiles 350 years later. When Wiles was ten years old he came across Fermat’s Last Theorem while reading a book and was utterly fascinated by the problem. At ten years of age Wiles could comprehend and understand the theorem and the tremendous challenge that was there in finding a solution. He promised himself that he would discover the solution and tried consulting his teachers but still could not get a solution. He grew up and went to university and he still wanted to find the solution from his lecturers but to no avail. He actually did a Ph.D. and he still could not let go of this problem. He finally decided to put actual research into the problem and drew developments from <strong><span style="color:#00a301;" class="has-inline-color">The Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture, Frey’s curve &nbsp;and Ribet&#8217;s theorem </span></strong>all of which are broad topics in the field of&nbsp; Mathematics and took many years to develop and complex in nature.</p>



<p>&nbsp;Wiles from, 1986, worked on The<strong> Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture </strong>to try and find proof to it. He found a link between The Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture and Fermat’s Last Theorem and presented his proof 7 years later in 1993 through a three-part lecture at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences. After his presentation, there was a review of his manuscript and through a thorough inspection a gap was found in his work and unless that gap was filled then there was no proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem. Wiles went back to the drawing board to correct the error and collaborated with former student Richard Taylor. One year later in September 1994, Wiles realized that the problem had grown to be very complex. He stated that he did not believe that he fully had the answer but he could explain why the missing part did not work. Out of the blues, something clicked in his mind, and considering that he had worked 7 years trying to come up with a proof, he had tried examining the <strong><span style="color:#49a800;" class="has-inline-color">Kolyvagin–Flach method</span></strong> and instantaneously made a connection with his original theory he had come up with three years earlier called the <strong><span style="color:#19a900;" class="has-inline-color">Iwasawa theory </span></strong>to bridge the gap that had been found</p>



<p><strong>&nbsp; </strong>Wiles approached three of his colleagues to examine his two new manuscripts which finally<strong> </strong>proved<strong> Fermat’s Last Theorem</strong>. The proof was thoroughly analyzed by professionals and experts in multiple branches of mathematics and was finally published in May 1995<strong>. </strong>This ended 358 years of failure to prove<strong> Fermat’s Last Theorem. </strong>Fermat had spent almost ten years trying to prove Fermat’s Last Theorem and it is said that the work that he did was very complex and only a handful of countable people could comprehend his work down to the details<strong>. </strong>Wiles earned major acclaim through his tremendous breakthrough, dedication and contribution to modern-day Mathematics.</p>



<p>References</p>



<p>“Pierre de Fermat” from Wikipedia, accessed 6 September 2020, <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat</a></em></p>



<p>Nagell, T. &#8220;Fermat&#8217;s Last Theorem.&#8221; §68 in Introduction to Number Theory. New York: Wiley, pp. 251-253, 1951</p>



<p> List of unsolved problems in mathematics, accessed 6 September 2020,   <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics</a>                       </p>


Fermat’s Last theorem


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<p>An <span style="color:#a200a3;" class="has-inline-color">Arrow function</span> is another simpler alternative to declare a function. The main noticeable difference between a function expression and an arrow function expression is the omission of the word function with an <span style="color:#ee2d07;" class="has-inline-color">arrow =&gt;</span>.</p>



<p>A regular function is represented as:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
let regFunct = function (arg1, arg2) {
  return expression;
};
let arrowFunct = (arg1, arg2) =&gt; expression;
</pre></div>


<p>An expression that contains one or more arguments is represented as a</p>



<p>Regular function and also an arrow function:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
//regular function
function sum(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}
console.log(sum(2, 3));
//Arrow Function
let summ = (a, b) =&gt; a + b;
console.log(summ(10, 10));
//result :   5
//          20
</pre></div>


<p>What is noted from the example above Is that functions with parameters contain a parenthesis () , this also applies to functions without any parameters:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
//without parameters
const smile = () =&gt; &quot;Happiness&quot;;
console.log(smile());
//result: Happiness
</pre></div>


<p>Omission of parenthesis  is done when there <span style="color:#8208df;" class="has-inline-color">is only one argument</span>  but the code will still work if we include it:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const add = x =&gt; x + 10;
console.log(add(20));
//result: 30
</pre></div>


<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Complex Use of Arrow Functions</h2>



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<p>When the basic use of a regular function and an arrow function is understood then it is easy to use them with multiple line functions.</p>



<p>The example below has a loop and a conditional to print out the even numbers with a defined range. The example shows how an arrow function can be used to represent a function defined in multiple lines.</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
let numbers = (x) =&gt; {
  for (let x = 0; x &lt; 10; x++) {
    if (x % 2 === 0) {
      console.log(x);
    } else if (x % 2 === 1) {
      console.log(&quot;I am odd&quot;);
    }
  }
};
numbers(10);
/*Result: 
0 
I am odd 
2 
I am odd 
4 
I am odd 
6 
I am odd 
8 
I am odd
10*/

</pre></div>


<p>From my previous articles there is an article I wrote called Higher Order Arrays in Java Script. There I have well illustrated examples on the use of arrow functions. You can check that out. Arrow functions may seem unfamiliar at first but with adequate practice they become easier and more familiar. Good practice with even more complex functions will build a good foundation in the great execution of functions.</p>



<p></p>



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Arrow functions  in JavaScript


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<p>A <span style="color:#1a00a3;" class="has-inline-color">promise</span> in simple language is an assurance that something will be completed or done. On the contrary, a promise may be a declaration that something will not be done. Promises in JavaScript are used to handle operations that are executed sequentially under a specified time frame. These operations are called asynchronous operations in JavaScript.</p>



<p>Promises help in the manageability of code by dealing with many asynchronous operations that use callbacks and at the same time handle errors efficiently.</p>



<p>A promise has these three states:</p>



<ol type="1"><li>Fulfilled- the operation was successfully completed.</li><li>Rejected- the operation failed its completion.</li><li>Pending- the operation was neither fulfilled nor rejected</li></ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Case Study</h3>



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<p>From the definition of a promise, we have seen that there is a <span style="color:#a30000;" class="has-inline-color">declaration that something will be or will not be done.</span><span class="has-inline-color has-dark-gray-color"> From this</span><span style="color:#a30000;" class="has-inline-color">,</span> we can build a case study from our day to day lives.</p>



<p>There is a kid called Njenga and his father has promised him that he will buy him a new bike next month.</p>



<p>Njenga doesn’t really know for sure if his father will buy him that bike because his father may not have enough money. As we discussed earlier on the three states, this particular promise has three states:</p>



<ol type="1"><li>Fulfilled: The dad has enough money and buys Njenga a bike.</li><li>Rejected: The dad doesn’t have enough money and fails to buy the bike.</li><li>Pending: Njenga is not sure whether a bike will be bought for him regardless of the financial situations.</li></ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Creating the promise</h2>



<p>The first step is to declare the promise:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>const promise = new Promise();</code></pre>



<p>Then there is a function that takes two parameters of resolve and reject</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) 
{ //Defined condition
});</code></pre>



<p>The <span style="color:#3ba300;" class="has-inline-color">defined condition</span> is what should determine whether the promise has been resolved or not. Our condition in this case is whether the Njenga&#8217;s dad has enough money to buy a bike:</p>



<p></p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
  let enoughMoney = true;
  if (enoughMoney) {
    resolve();
  } else {
    reject();
  }
});</code></pre>



<p></p>



<p>Up to this point so far we have created our first promise according to our stated case study. From this point, we want to create a reaction based on the fact that the promise has been resolved or rejected.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="598" height="259" data-attachment-id="140" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/figure/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/figure.jpg" data-orig-size="598,259" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="figure" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/figure.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/figure.jpg?w=598" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/figure.jpg?w=598" alt="" class="wp-image-140" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/figure.jpg 598w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/figure.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/figure.jpg?w=300 300w" sizes="(max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px" /></figure></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Resolved Promise  .then()</h3>



<p>From the given figure above we can see that if a promise is resolved then we use a <span style="color:#dd221b;" class="has-inline-color">.then()</span> syntax. This piece of code is attached to the declared constant <span style="color:#36a300;" class="has-inline-color">promise</span>. The then syntax represents a function that is executed when the promise is resolved:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>promise
  .then(() =&gt; {
    console.log("Here is your new bike son");
  })</code></pre>



<p></p>



<p>Njenga&#8217;s dad said that if he had enough money then the promise would be resolved when he buys Njenga a bike. True to his word the promise was fulfilled through the printed literal.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Rejected Promises .catch()</h3>



<p>The best way to understand the <span style="color:#a3007a;" class="has-inline-color">.catch()</span> method is through our real-life experiences. When someone promises to do something for you and he fails to do it then you tend to <span style="color:#a39600;" class="has-inline-color">&#8216;</span><span style="color:#e87b2e;" class="has-inline-color">catch feelings</span><span style="color:#a39600;" class="has-inline-color">&#8216;</span>. In this present day of Artificial Intelligence and Machine-Learning, a computer/program will &#8216;catch feelings&#8217; the same way but it will handle the disappointment through this <span style="color:#30a300;" class="has-inline-color">.catch()</span> method which is one of the best ways <span style="color:#a32700;" class="has-inline-color">error handling</span>. Well if someone fails to keep his promise, You probably won&#8217;t talk to him in a month, try some error handling once in while. Back to our case study, if the promise to buy Njenga a bike will be rejected then the <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">.catch()</span> method will be used to handle that rejection. The condition was if the dad had enough money that month he would buy Njenga a bike. So what if he did not have enough money. This would be the syntax:</p>



<p></p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>promise
  .then(() =&gt; {
    console.log("Here is your new bike son");
  })
  .catch((err) =&gt; {
    console.log("Better luck next time son, the money was not enough");
  });</code></pre>



<p>From that whole explanation the whole syntax looks like this:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
  let enoughMoney = true;
  if (enoughMoney) {
    resolve();
  } else {
    reject();
  }
});
promise
  .then(() =&gt; {
    console.log("Here is your new bike son");
  })
  .catch((err) =&gt; {
    console.log("Better luck next time son, the money was not enough");
  });
</code></pre>



<p>To test for a reject or in other words if the dad does not have enough money just change the condition:</p>



<pre class="wp-block-code"><code>if (enoughMoney == false){......}</code></pre>



<p>There is so much to learn in Promises and this is just a start because the JavaScript language is broad but I do hope this post gives you an idea of how they work. Like I always say &#8220;Never stop learning because there so much to learn.&#8221; And please don&#8217;t let the impostor syndrome get to you. Remember that we are all learning and nobody is a monopoly of knowledge.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="146" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423.jpg" data-orig-size="2736,3648" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423.jpg?w=225" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423.jpg?w=768" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423.jpg?w=768" alt="" class="wp-image-146" width="521" height="695" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423.jpg?w=768 768w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423.jpg?w=521 521w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423.jpg?w=1042 1042w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423.jpg?w=113 113w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/pexels-verschoren-maurits-3597423.jpg?w=225 225w" sizes="(max-width: 521px) 100vw, 521px" /></figure>


Promises in JavaScript


<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="682" data-attachment-id="121" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/five-bulb-lights-1036936/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/five-bulb-lights-1036936.jpg" data-orig-size="3500,2333" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1494760324&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="five-bulb-lights-1036936" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/five-bulb-lights-1036936.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/five-bulb-lights-1036936.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/five-bulb-lights-1036936.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-121" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/five-bulb-lights-1036936.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/five-bulb-lights-1036936.jpg?w=2046 2046w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/five-bulb-lights-1036936.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/five-bulb-lights-1036936.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/five-bulb-lights-1036936.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Template literals?</h2>



<p>They are string literals that occupy one line or more while at the same time allowing embedded expressions.</p>



<p>A <span class="has-inline-color has-bright-blue-color">template literal</span> is characterized by the use of a <span style="color:#7e00a3;" class="has-inline-color">back-tick(&#8220;)</span>&nbsp; character and the use of a placeholder which contains a dollar sign($) and curly braces({})</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Multi-line strings</strong></h3>



<p>As explained earlier template literals support multi-line strings. Before the emergence of ES6 normal multi- line strings would be written as follows</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
console.log("This is line 1 \n" +
 "This is line 2");

</pre></div>


<p>A more simple way for writing multi-line strings is as follows.</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
console.log(`This is line 1
This is line 2`);
</pre></div>


<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Expression Interpolation</strong></h3>



<p>We also discussed that string literals allow embedded expressions which in other terms is called expression interpolation. Interpolation basically means the introduction or insertion of something.</p>



<p>let us take a simple example of two numbers:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
let num1 = 5;
let num2 = 6;
</pre></div>


<p>In normal string the syntax the total  would be written as:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
console.log("Eleven is " + (num1 + num2) + " ");
</pre></div>


<p>But as we have already seen, we can use template literals to write this syntax as shown:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
console.log(`Eleven is ${num1 + num2}`);
</pre></div>


<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Nested String Interpolation</strong></h3>



<p>We may have objects that may we want to render on a website. So we have the objects that we want to add onto a website which can be achieved by the use of an innerHtml tag which is appended to the main document file. lets take as an example the details of a person:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const details = {
  firstName: "Kirimanjaro",
  lastName: "Kamau",
  city: "Nairobi",
  age: 25,
};
</pre></div>


<p>If we want to render the objects on a website, we can use nested string interpolation:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const html = `
  &lt;div&gt;
    &lt;h1&gt;name:${details.firstName}&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;h2&gt;name:${details.lastName}&lt;/h2&gt;
    &lt;h3&gt;age:${details.age}&lt;/h3&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;`;
document.body.innerHTML = html;
</pre></div>


<p>The object contains the items firstName, secondName and age. We want to render these&nbsp; items in a website. The basic html syntax contains a &lt;div&gt; and h-elements which contain the interpolated items from the details constant. The output of the above syntax is the First name, second name and age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>DESTRUCTURING</strong></h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="637" data-attachment-id="123" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203.jpg" data-orig-size="5531,3443" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;13&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NIKON D3300&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.016666666666667&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-123" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203.jpg?w=2048 2048w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/architecture-art-bridge-cliff-459203.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>The basic meaning of destructure is to dismantle or to divide into smaller interrelated parts. In Java Script destructuring can be described as a more efficient way of extracting information from objects and arrays into distinct variables.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Object Destructuring</strong></h2>



<p>Object Destructuring exhibits a more efficient way to extract data and represent it into smaller parts. The example below shows how object destructuring works where an object literal is used on the left side.</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const details = {
  firstName: "Kirimanjaro",
  lastName: "Kamau",
  city: "Nairobi",
  age: 25,
};

//object destructuring
const { firstName: f, lastName: l, age: a } = details;
console.log(`${f} ${l} ${a}`);
</pre></div>


<p>The most basic type of object destructuring is in the form of assigning values to variables. In this they are: firstName, lastName, city and age.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Array Destructuring</strong></h3>



<p>This works pretty similar to Object Destructuring but instead of using an object literal on the left-side we use an array literal. The array literal contains a variable that maps onto the items containing the same index on the array.</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const enrollment = &#91;10000, 15000, 20000, 30000];

//array destructuring
const &#91;w, x, y, z] = enrollment;
console.log(` ${w} ${x} ${y} ${z}`);
</pre></div>


<p>The items in the enrollment array have been assigned to the variables [w,x,y,z] through destructuring. The variables on the left map on to the corresponding index items on the right.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion </strong></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="683" data-attachment-id="125" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166.jpg" data-orig-size="7360,4912" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4.5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NIKON D810&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1553920563&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;28&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;8000&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.01&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-125" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166.jpg?w=2048 2048w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/grayscale-photography-of-people-walking-on-walkalator-2081166.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<p>Destructuring&nbsp; aids in clarity of code written which in turn cancels out mistakes that may arise from having bulky code.&nbsp; Easy re usability of code is also another added advantage to using destructuring and as I have always stated: “clean code is better than spending hours searching for a bug arising from bulky code.” OK I never said that but you get the point. Let’s meet on my next article programmers</p>


Template Literals and Destructuring in Java Script


<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What are they?</strong></h3>



<p>The term Higher Order Function describes a function that stores another function with the choice of either taking them as arguments or returning them as an output. They are termed as &#8216;Higher Order&#8217; because they don&#8217;t  operate on data types but instead operate on functions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Lets Jump Right in.</strong></h3>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" data-attachment-id="89" data-permalink="https://kirimanjaroliving.wordpress.com/blank-business-composition-computer-373076/" data-orig-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg" data-orig-size="5471,3647" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="blank-business-composition-computer-373076" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg?w=1024" src="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-89" width="590" height="393" srcset="https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg?w=590 590w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg?w=1180 1180w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg?w=150 150w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg?w=300 300w, https://kirimanjaroliving.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/blank-business-composition-computer-373076.jpg?w=768 768w" sizes="(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px" /></figure>



<p>In this article we will concentrate on three Higher Order Functions:</p>



<ul><li>forEach.</li><li>filter.</li><li>map.</li></ul>



<p>Lets start with an example. Assuming you have an Array of universities which comprise of the name of the university and the category to which the university belongs to as shown below:</p>



<div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow">
<div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"><div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const universities = &#91;
  { name: "Maseno University",category: "Public University" },
  { name: "Egerton University",category: "Public University" },
  { name: "USIU", category: "Private University" },
  { name: "Strathmore University", category: "Private University" },
];
</pre></div>


<p>Then you have another array of the enrollment total number;</p>
</div></div>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const enrollment = &#91;3000,5000, 4000, 7000, 8000];
</pre></div>


<p class="has-text-color" style="color:#bd00a7;">For better understanding I will use both ES5 and ES6 syntax to compare and contrast both methodologies. If you are not familiar with the syntax follow this link<span class="has-inline-color has-bright-blue-color"> </span></p>



<p class="has-text-color" style="color:#0bbd00;"><span class="has-inline-color has-bright-blue-color"><em><span style="text-decoration:underline;"></span></em></span><em><span style="text-decoration:underline;"></span></em><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><a href="https://www.javatpoint.com/es5-vs-es6" rel="nofollow">https://www.javatpoint.com/es5-vs-es6</a></span></p>
</div></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">a.)  forEach</h3>



<p>The <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">forEach</span>() method allows iteration through an array using a callback function only once through the iteration. The &#8216;for&#8217; in <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">forEach</span> basically means its a loop. In the above array of  &#8216;universities&#8217; we can loop through the array using a <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">for loop</span> first then see how we can do it using a <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">forEach</span>.</p>



<p>Using a for loop to loop through the array of  &#8216;universities:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
for (let i = 0; 
i &lt; universities.length; i++)
 {
  console.log(universities&#91;i]);
}
</pre></div>


<p>This will print out the name and categories of the universities. We can also achieve this loop using the <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">forEach</span> method as shown:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
universities.forEach(function(school) {
  console.log(school);
});
</pre></div>


<p>This method introduces a function which stores a function named &#8216;school&#8217; which loops through the universities constant to console.log(print) the name and category of each university.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">b.)  filter</h3>



<p>Just like a filter whose work work is to sieve a <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">filter</span>() method works in the same way such that an array element will only be created only if a certain condition is met. From the example I have given above of enrollment we can filter out an enrollment of more than 5000. lets start with ES5 syntax method first:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
let overEnrollment = &#91;];
for (let i = 0; i &lt; enrollment.length; i++) {
  if (enrollment&#91;i] &gt; 5000) {
    overEnrollment
.push(enrollment&#91;i]);
  }
}
console.log(overEnrollment);

</pre></div>


<p>The items in the array that will pass the condition set in the if statement will be added onto the overEnrollment empty array using<span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color"> .push()</span> once the for loop is completed and console log(print) the array. This seems very hectic but ES6 syntax introduced the <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">Arrow Function</span> ( =&gt; ) incorporating a <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">filter</span>() method to reduce the bulk as shown:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const overEnrollment = 
enrollment.filter((x) =&gt; x &gt;= 5000);
console.log(overEnrollment);
</pre></div>


<p class="has-text-color" style="color:#db009d;">The arrow function eliminates the for loop and the if statement and only uses the condition which the items in the array(x) must pass so as to be printed out. To learn more on arrow functions </p>



<p class="has-text-color" style="color:#57db00;"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="has-inline-color has-light-gray-color"><em><a href="https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_arrow_function.asp" rel="nofollow">https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_arrow_function.asp</a></em></span></span></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">C.) map</h3>



<p>The <span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">map()</span> method allows an array to be created for functions in each and every array element. . This application can be made in a school database where you only need to print out the names of the students who have passed and not show their grades. From the example above we might need to print out only the names of the universities and no other information. We will first do this with ES5 as shown:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const schools = 
universities.map(function (schoolName) {
 console.log(schoolName.name);
});
</pre></div>


<p>The .map() method will have a function &#8216;schoolName&#8217; that will print out the names( .name) of the schools and no other information will be printed out. Lets execute this using ES6 arrow functions:</p>


<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: jscript; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
const schools = universities.map((schoolName)=&gt; schoolName.name);
console.log(schools);
</pre></div>


<p>The Arrow Function eliminates the use of &#8216;function&#8217; and executes the .<span class="has-inline-color has-medium-blue-color">map</span>() method with more cleaner code which is well understood. This method only works if the array has items with values and a function can only be called once for each item in the array.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">TAKEAWAY</h3>



<p>Higher order functions allow easy re-usability of code and ,through the latest incorporation of ES6, has made the use of higher order functions far much fun,cleaner and easier. Lets meet on my next article tech-heads.</p>



<p> </p>



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Higher Order Functions in JavaScript Simplified

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